1. Article Withdrawal

This policy applies to manuscripts in the peer-review or editing process (Articles in Press) that have not been formally published.

• Criteria: The Editor-in-Chief may decide to withdraw a manuscript if: (i) Significant errors are found that invalidate the conclusions; (ii) Accidental duplicate submission occurs; (iii) Research misconduct is detected (plagiarism, data fabrication, multiple submissions, or copyright infringement).
• Online Procedure: The HTML and PDF content will be removed and replaced with a notice stating: "Article Withdrawn: [Article Title]" along with a brief explanation.

2. Article Retraction

This applies to articles that have been formally published in print or online versions.

• Criteria: To correct serious scientific errors or address confirmed research misconduct discovered post-publication.
• Authority: Retraction may be initiated at the request of the Authors or by the Editor-in-Chief based on recommendations from the Editorial Board or the scientific community.
• Procedure:
• Print Version: A retraction notice will be listed in the Table of Contents of the subsequent issue as: "Retraction: [Article Title]".
• Online Version: The original content will be removed and replaced with a PDF notice clearly marked: "Retraction: [Article Title]".

3. Article Removal

This is an exceptional measure reserved for urgent legal situations.

• Criteria: When an article: (i) Clearly violates legal regulations; (ii) Must be removed by a court order or other law enforcement agency.
• Procedure: Bibliographic information (Title, Authors, Affiliation) will remain on the website to maintain the integrity of the archive, but the full text will be replaced with: "This article has been removed for legal reasons." The Editor-in-Chief determines the specific wording of the explanation.

4. Article Replacement

This applies when an article contains technical errors that may pose significant risks if implemented by readers.

• Criteria: Specifically used when the original content poses a serious risk (e.g., to public health).
• Process: Authors must submit a formal request and the revised manuscript. The corrected version must undergo the Journal's standard peer-review process.
• Procedure:
• Online Version: The original PDF/HTML is removed. A notice will be displayed: "Retracted and replaced with: [Title of Replacement Article]", providing a link to the corrected version. The first page of the new version must include the article history (Original and replacement submission/acceptance dates).
• Print Version: The full text of the replacement article will be published in the nearest issue with a clear explanatory note in the Table of Contents.